Treatment of atrazine in nursery irrigation runoff by a constructed wetland

To investigate the treatment capability of a surface flow wetland at a container nursery near Portland, Oregon, atrazine was introduced during simulated runoff events. Treatment efficiency was evaluated as the percent atrazine recovered (as percent of applied) in the water column at the wetland's outlet. Atrazine treatment efficiency at the outlet of the constructed wetland during a 7-d period ranged from 18-24% in 1998 (experiments 1-3) and 16-17% in 1999 (experiments 4 and 5). Changes in total flow, or frequency and intensity of runoff events did not affect treatment. For experiment 6 in 1999, where the amount, frequency, and duration of runoff events exceeded all other experiments, treatment was compromised. For all experiments, deethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) accounted for 13-21% of the initial application. Hydroxyatrazine (HA) was rarely detected in the water. Organic carbon adsorption coefficients (Koc) were determined from batch equilibrium sorption isotherms with wetland sediment, and they decreased in the order of HA > DIA > atrazine > DEA. Static water-sediment column experiments indicated that sorption is an important mechanism for atrazine loss from water passing through the constructed wetland. The results of the MPN assay indicated the existence in the wetland of a low-density population of microorganisms with the potential to mineralize atrazine's ethyl side chain.     

施工过程混凝土温度裂缝控制

本文阐述了混凝土温度裂缝产生的机理,提出施工过程混凝土温度控制和裂缝预防的具体措施,并以工程实例对这些措施进行了验证。     

Combined exposure to cyanobacterial biomass, lead and the Newcastle virus enhances avian toxicity

Under environmental conditions, wild birds can be exposed to multiple stressors including natural toxins, anthropogenic pollutants and infectious agents at the same time.This experimental study was successful in testing the hypothesis that adverse effects of cyanotoxins, heavy metals and a non-pathogenic immunological challenge combine to enhance avian toxicity. Mortality occurred in combined exposures to naturally occurring cyanobacterial biomass and lead shots, lead shots and Newcastle vaccination as well as in single lead shot exposure. Mostly acute effects around day 10 were observed. On day 30 of exposure, there were no differences in the liver accumulation of lead in single and combined exposure groups. Interestingly, liver microcystin levels were elevated in birds co-exposed to cyanobacterial biomass together with lead or lead and the Newcastle virus. Significant differences in body weights between all Pb-exposed and Pb-non-exposed birds were found on days 10 and 20. Single exposure to cyanobacterial biomass resulted in hepatic vacuolar dystrophy, whereas co-exposure with lead led to more severe granular dystrophy. Haematological changes were associated with lead exposure, in particular. Biochemical analysis revealed a decrease in glucose and an increase in lactate dehydrogenase in single and combined cyanobacterial and lead exposures, which also showed a decreased antibody response to vaccination.The combined exposure of experimental birds to sub-lethal doses of individual stressors is ecologically realistic. It brings together new pieces of knowledge on avian health. In light of this study, investigators of wild bird die-offs should be circumspect when evaluating findings of low concentrations of contaminants that would not result in mortality on a separate basis. As such it has implications for wildlife biologists, veterinarians and conservationists of avian biodiversity.     

热水供暖一次管网变压差调控探讨

探讨了当热水供暖系统用户侧流量随意调节后一次网流量的调控问题。提出采用变压差调控的思路,并对其进行了节电比较。     

城市安全空间设计研究:兼议城市防灾公园规划设计的指标配置

现代化城市是一个复杂性极高的大系统,在制约城市可持续发展的变量中安全要素至关重要。本文从城市应提供的安全备灾空间入手,借鉴发达国家的先进做法,研究了围绕城市安全必须的避难空间、防灾公园、应急疏散途径等规划设计思路。相信对我国开展系统化城市安全备灾的空间设计有一定启发意义。     

基于GIS和体视化技术的工程场地地震液化势3D可视化

工程场地地震液化势三维模型的建立及可视化研究的目的是用三维图形来描述地震动作用下场地液化势的空间分布特性,以此为城市防震减灾工作提供相应的支持。采用具有概率意义的饱和砂土抗液化强度经验公式来对场地进行地震液化势概率评价;采用一种基于"块"模型的数据结构来描述场地液化势三维实体;结合Kriging插值法和体视化技术进行场地液化势的三维可视化建模。研究表明:采用"块"数据模型来分割模拟三维液化势场,利用Kriging法对工程场地地震液化势进行空间数据三维插值,有助于揭示勘探孔以外任意空间点的土层液化势信息;基于液化势概率评价结果和体视化技术,采用Kriging插值法,以不同的色标体现场地液化势的风险程度,可以直观的三维图像形式呈现场地液化势的空间分布特性和变化趋势,通过剖切自动生成指定位置的二维剖面和三维切割体,工程场地液化势的三维分布特性得到有效的表达。     

合流污水系统调蓄池的设置及建议

针对合流污水溢流的影响,介绍了调蓄池设置的必要性,调蓄池容量的确定和设计考虑因素等。     

道路交通量预测中如何考虑治超的影响

阐述了治超对公路运输产生的直接影响,并对“治超”对公路交通量的影响及在道路交通量预测中如何考虑“治超”因素的影响进行了探讨,从而有助于进行准确的道路交通量预测,同时为道路建设项目的决策和实施提供了技术支撑。     

A comparative study of different control strategies for indoor air humidity

There has been a rising concern in controlling the high indoor humidity of hot and humid countries. When an air-conditioned space experiences only part of its design heat load, its humidity tends to rise as a result of the air-conditioning system trying to control the indoor temperature by reducing its cooling capacity. In this study, the part-load dehumidification performances of three temperature control strategies are compared, namely, chilled water flow control, bypass air control and the variable air volume control. Coil simulations are employed to study the part-load performance of these control strategies. The coil model has been validated with experimental data to within ±6.5%. The relative humidity of a space depends of factors such as design sensible heat factor of the space, temperature control strategy employed and load condition experienced by the space. Simulation results have indicated that chilled water control strategy results in the highest indoor humidity throughout the range of conditions studied while variable air volume system provides highly effective dehumidification performance of the cooling coil. Bypass air control appears to be a good option for adoption as it is able to provide an acceptable humidity over a wide range of load conditions without having to affect the air movement within the space.     

Evaluation of buffer zone effectiveness in mitigating the risks associated with agricultural runoff in Prince Edward Island

To minimize the risk posed by runoff from row crops, Prince Edward Island introduced buffer legislation in 2000. The legislation mandates 10-m and 20-m buffers, respectively, for moderate sloped (i.e. < 5%) and steep sloped (i.e. > 5%) agricultural fields that border streams. Since 2001, Environment Canada has been evaluating the effectiveness of various buffer widths on operational farms in reducing toxicity and contaminant concentrations in runoff. Sample collectors, placed in 44 fields at the field edge (0 m), 10 m and at distances out to 30 m, collected overland flow following rainfall-induced runoff events. Samples were collected within 24 hours of an event and analysed for seven pesticides (endosulfan, chlorothalonil, carbofuran, linuron, metribuzin, metalaxyl, mancozeb), water quality parameters and Daphnia magna toxicity. The 10-m buffer required for moderate sloped fields was effective at reducing contaminant concentrations but not always to less than lethal concentrations to Daphnia magna. Limited data beyond 10 m for fields of both slope types precluded making recommendations on a suitable buffer width for shallow sloped fields and evaluating the effectiveness of 20-m buffers for steep sloped fields. When paired data were combined and statistically tested for all fields, the studied pesticides underwent a 52-98% and 68-100% reduction in aqueous and particulate concentrations within 10 m and 30 m, respectively. In addition, by 10 m, soluble phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen and total suspended solids were reduced by 34%, 38% and 64%, respectively. Results suggest buffer zones on operational farms are capable of achieving contaminant reductions comparable to those reported for controlled experiments. Inconsistent siting of sample collectors beyond 10 m limited the evaluation of the effects of field slope and buffer width on buffer effectiveness on working farms. Future studies on buffer efficiency on operational farms should focus on building the data set beyond 10 m and evaluating load reductions.